Journal of Radiology Nursing
Volume 28, Issue 2 , Pages 51-55 , June 2009

Monitoring End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide Levels of Deeply Sedated MRI Pediatric Patients During the Recovery Period

References 

  1. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs . Guidelines for monitoring and management of pediatric patients during and after sedation for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. Pediatrics. 1992;89:1110–1115
  2. American Society of Anesthesiologists . Standards for basic monitoring. Retrieved November 15, 2008 from http://www.asahq.org/publicationsAndServices/sgstoc.htm2005;
  3. Anderson JL, Junkins E, Pribble C, Guenther E. Capnography and depth of sedation during propofol sedation in children. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2007;49(1):9–13
  4. Armitage P, Berry G, Matthews JNS. Statistical methods in medical research. 4th ed.. Oxford, England: Blackwell Science Press; 2002;
  5. Cauldwell CB. Pediatric anesthesia: Induction, maintenance, and emergence. New York, NY: Churchill Livingston Press; 2002;
  6. Chung T, Hoffer FA, Connor L, Zurakowski D, Burrows PE. The use of oral pentobarbital sodium (Nembutal) versus oral chloral hydrate in infants undergoing CT and MR imaging: a pilot study. Pediatric Radiology. 2000;30:332–335
  7. Connor L, Burrows PE, Zurkowski D, Bucci K, Gagnon DA, Mason KP. Effects of IV pentobarbital with and without fentanyl on end-tidal carbon dioxide levels during deep sedation of pediatric patients undergoing MRI. American Journal of Radiology. 2003;181(6):1691–1694
  8. Curley MAQ, Thompson JE. End-tidal CO2 monitoring in critically ill infants and children. Pediatric Nursing. 1990;16:397–403
  9. Egelhoff JC, Ball WS, Koch BL, Parks TD. Safety and efficacy of sedation in children using a structured sedation program. American Journal of Radiology. 1997;168:1259–1262
  10. Hart LS, Berns SD, Houck CS, Boenning DA. The value of end-tidal CO2 monitoring when comparing three methods of conscious sedation for children undergoing painful procedures in the emergency department. Pediatric Emergency Care. 1997;13:183–189
  11. Hoffman GM, Nowakowski R, Troshnynski TJ, Berens RJ, Weisman SJ. Risk reduction in pediatric procedural sedation by application of an American Academy of Pediatrics/American Society of Anesthesiologists process model. Pediatrics. 2002;109:236–243
  12. Joint Commission Resource . Topics in clinical care improvement: Anesthesia and sedation. Oakbrook Terrace, IL: Joint Commission Resource; 2001;
  13. Kodali, B. S. (2008). Capnography: A comprehensive educational website. 5th ed. Retrieved March 5, 2005 from, http://www.capnography.com/Homepage/HomepageM.htm.
  14. Krauss B, Hess DR. Capnography for procedural sedation and analgesia in the emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine. 2007;50(2):172–181
  15. Lang TA, Secic M. How to report statistics in medicine. Philadelphia American College of Physicians. 1997;65–72
  16. Mason KP, Connor L, Burrows PE, Zurakowski D, Krauss B. Accuracy of capnography with a 30ft nasal cannula for monitoring respiratory rate and end tidal CO2 in children. Journal of Clinical Monitoring. 2001;16:259–262
  17. Mason KP, Zurakowski D, Karian VE, Connor L, Fontaine PJ, Burrows PE. Sedatives used in pediatric imaging: comparison of IV pentobarbital with IV pentobarbital with midazolam added. American Journal of Research. 2001;177:427–430
  18. McQuillen KK, Stele DW. Capnography during sedation/analgesia in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2000;16:401–404
  19. Miner JR, Heegaard W, Plummer D. End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during procedural sedation. Academy of Emergency Medicine. 2002;9:275–280
  20. Nobel JJ. Carbon dioxide monitors, exhaled gas. Pediatric Emergency Care. 1996;12:194–199
  21. Ramsay MA, Savege TM, Simpson BR, Goodwin R. Controlled sedation with alphaxalone-alphadolone. Brown Medical Journal. 1974;2:656–659
  22. Thompson JR, Schneider S, Holden BS, Hinshaw DB, Hasso AN. The choice of sedation for computed tomography in children: a prospective evaluation. Radiology. 1982;143:475–479
  23. Tobias JD. End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during sedation with combination of midazolam and ketamine for children undergoing painful, invasive procedures. Pediatric Emergency Care. 1999;15:173–175
  24. Tobias JD, Flanagan JF, Wheeler TJ, Garrett JS, Burney C. Noninvasive monitoring of end-tidal CO2 via nasal cannulas in spontaneously breathing children during the perioperative period. Critical Care Medicine. 1994;22:1805–1808
  25. Vargo JJ, Zuccaro G, Dumont JA, Conwell DL, Morrow JB, Shay SS. Automated graphic assessment of respiratory activity is superior to pulse oximetry and visual assessment of the detection of early respiratory depression during therapeutic upper endoscopy. Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 2002;55:826–831

PII: S1546-0843(08)00176-4

doi: 10.1016/j.jradnu.2008.12.005

Journal of Radiology Nursing
Volume 28, Issue 2 , Pages 51-55 , June 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution